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LEX_AMBIENTAL_PAN · Law as a visible system
40 laws. 2,139 articles. One network.
The first reading of Panama's environmental legislation as a system: hierarchies, cross-references, orphan nodes and institutional gaps. Click any node to explore.
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Structural findings
4
Institutional gaps
Mechanisms without a responsible institution
2
Critical orphan nodes
Escazú Agreement · Law 287/2022 without network support
76%
Of the edges
They are law×mechanism citations: law operating as mandate
328
Constitutional articles
The most connected domestic hub in the system
Full inventory of instruments
85 instruments · parsed text · indexed articles
Official legal titles remain in canonical Spanish where documentary fidelity requires it. Subject categories and interface labels are localized.
| Year | Instrument | Type | Subject | In corpus | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1998 | Ley General de Ambiente de la República de PanamáN.° 41 | Law | General environment | 88 | In force with amendments |
| 1989 | Convenio 169 OIT sobre pueblos indígenas y tribalesN.° 169 | International treaty | Indigenous peoples and comarcas | 23 | In force |
| 2006 | Ley General de Pesca y AcuiculturaN.° 44 | Law | Fisheries and aquaculture | 16 | In force with amendments |
| 1972 | Constitución Política de la República de Panamá | Constitution | Constitution | 12 | In force with amendments |
| 2009 | Ley de la Zona Marítimo-TerrestreN.° 80 | Law | Coasts and seas | 12 | In force |
| 2000 | Decreto Ejecutivo sobre Cuencas HidrográficasN.° 58 | Executive decree | Water | 11 | In force |
| 2004 | Decreto Ejecutivo sobre veda y regulación de manglaresN.° 43 | Executive decree | Biodiversity | 10 | In force |
| Decretos Ejecutivos de declaración de áreas protegidas específicas | Decree set | Protected areas | 10 | In force | |
| 1971 | Convención Ramsar sobre humedales | International treaty | Biodiversity | 9 | In force |
| 2021 | Ley de Agua Potable y SaneamientoN.° 77 | Law | Water | 8 | In force |
| 2007 | Código Penal — capítulo de delitos ambientales | Code | Environmental criminal law | 8 | In force with amendments |
| 1997 | Ley Orgánica de la Autoridad del Canal de PanamáN.° 19 | Law | Water | 8 | In force |
| 2002 | Ley sobre administración de los territorios comarcalesN.° 44 | Law | Indigenous peoples and comarcas | 7 | In force |
| Documentos de política/planificación (no son leyes) | Non-legislative | General environment | 6 | Reference | |
| 1995 | Ley de Vida Silvestre de la República de PanamáN.° 24 | Law | Biodiversity | 5 | In force with amendments |
| 2014 | Decreto Ejecutivo que crea el AMP Cordillera de CoibaN.° 96 | Executive decree | Protected areas | 5 | In force |
| 1997 | Ley de creación de la Autoridad de Servicios Públicos (ASEP)N.° 6 | Law | Energy | 5 | In force with amendments |
| 2006 | Ley de pesca sostenible / minería artesanal (pendiente verificar)N.° 9 | Law | Mining | 4 | Unknown |
| 1994 | Ley de Turismo de PanamáN.° 8 | Law | Tourism | 4 | In force with amendments |
| 1995 | Ley orgánica del Ministerio de Desarrollo AgropecuarioN.° 44 | Law | Territorial planning | 4 | In force |
| 1992 | Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica | International treaty | Biodiversity | 4 | In force |
| 1963 | Convención sobre el Comercio Internacional de Especies Amenazadas | International treaty | Biodiversity | 4 | In force |
| Ley que crea el Parque Nacional Darién | Law | Protected areas | 3 | In force | |
| 2007 | Decreto Ejecutivo de Política Costera NacionalN.° 6 | Executive decree | Coasts and seas | 3 | In force |
| 2004 | Ley de Mares y modificacionesN.° 44 | Law | Coasts and seas | 3 | In force with amendments |
| 1997 | Ley de la Comarca Ngäbe-BugléN.° 10 | Law | Indigenous peoples and comarcas | 3 | In force |
| 1996 | Ley de la Comarca Guna de MadungandíN.° 24 | Law | Indigenous peoples and comarcas | 3 | In force |
| 1973 | Ley orgánica del Ministerio de Vivienda y Ordenamiento TerritorialN.° 9 | Law | Territorial planning | 3 | In force with amendments |
| 2013 | Convenio de Minamata sobre el mercurio | International treaty | Waste and pollution | 3 | In force |
| 2007 | Declaración de las Naciones Unidas sobre los Derechos de los Pueblos Indígenas | International declaration | Indigenous peoples and comarcas | 3 | In force |
| 1992 | Ley de incentivos para la reforestaciónN.° 24 | Law | Forests and soils | 2 | In force |
| 1979 | Ley que crea el Parque Internacional La AmistadN.° 71 | Law | Protected areas | 2 | In force |
| 1994 | Ley que crea el Parque Nacional Marino Golfo de ChiriquíN.° 18 | Law | Protected areas | 2 | In force |
| Código Sanitario de la República de Panamá | Code | Environmental health | 2 | In force with amendments | |
| 2009 | Decreto Ejecutivo sobre zonas de arrastreN.° 13 | Executive decree | Fisheries and aquaculture | 2 | In force, modified |
| 1997 | Código de Recursos Minerales — Ley MineraN.° 9 | Law | Mining | 2 | In force with amendments |
| 1996 | Ley de propiedad intelectualN.° 35 | Law | Biodiversity | 2 | In force with amendments |
| 2003 | Acuerdo Municipal 33/2003 (Cinta Costera de Panamá)N.° 33 | Municipal agreement | Territorial planning | 2 | In force |
| Código Aduanero de Panamá | Code | Finance and investment | 2 | In force | |
| 2010 | Ley que reforma la Ley 41/1998 (Ley Chorizo)N.° 30 | Law | General environment | 1 | Partially repealed |
| 1995 | Ley que aprueba la CITES para PanamáN.° 14 | Law | Biodiversity | 1 | In force |
| 1962 | Decreto Ley Forestal y modificacionesN.° 25 | Decree law | Forests and soils | 1 | In force with amendments |
| 2023 | Ley de carbono forestal y REDD+N.° 1 | Law | Climate change | 1 | In force |
| 2008 | Ley de Áreas Marinas ProtegidasN.° 7 | Law | Protected areas | 1 | In force |
| 1992 | Ley que declara Parque Nacional la Isla de CoibaN.° 44 | Law | Protected areas | 1 | In force |
| 2023 | Ley que modifica la Ley 44/2006 de Pesca y AcuiculturaN.° 204 | Law | Fisheries and aquaculture | 1 | In force |
| 2011 | Ley que modifica el Código de Recursos MineralesN.° 11 | Law | Mining | 1 | In force |
| 2023 | Ley 406/2023 — Contrato de concesión minera (Cobre Panamá)N.° 406 | Law | Mining | 1 | Declared unconstitutional |
| 2022 | Ley ambiental sobre mercurio (Minamata)N.° 13 | Law | Waste and pollution | 1 | In force |
| 2005 | Ley de Gestión Integral de Residuos SólidosN.° 22 | Law | Waste and pollution | 1 | In force |
| 1953 | Carta Orgánica de la Comarca de Kuna Yala (San Blas)N.° 16 | Law | Indigenous peoples and comarcas | 1 | In force with amendments |
| 1983 | Ley de la Comarca Emberá-WounaanN.° 22 | Law | Indigenous peoples and comarcas | 1 | In force |
| 2000 | Ley de la Comarca Guna WargandíN.° 34 | Law | Indigenous peoples and comarcas | 1 | In force |
| 2020 | Ley de creación de la Comarca Naso Tjër DiN.° 34 | Law | Indigenous peoples and comarcas | 1 | In force |
| Código Agrario de Panamá | Code | Territorial planning | 1 | In force with amendments | |
| 2004 | Ley de hidrocarburosN.° 45 | Law | Energy | 1 | In force |
| 2004 | Ley Especial del Área Económica Especial Panamá PacíficoN.° 41 | Law | Territorial planning | 1 | In force |
| 2010 | Protocolo de Nagoya sobre acceso y distribución de beneficios | International treaty | Biodiversity | 1 | In force |
| 1982 | Convención de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Derecho del Mar | International treaty | Coasts and seas | 1 | In force |
| 1973 | Convenio MARPOL sobre contaminación marina por buques | International treaty | Coasts and seas | 1 | In force |
| 1979 | Convenio sobre Especies Migratorias (CMS / Convenio de Bonn) | International treaty | Biodiversity | 1 | In force |
| 1996 | Convención Interamericana para la Protección de las Tortugas Marinas | International treaty | Biodiversity | 1 | In force |
| 1969 | Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos | International treaty | Indigenous peoples and comarcas | 1 | In force |
| 2018 | Acuerdo de Escazú sobre acceso a la información ambiental | International treaty | General environment | 1 | Not ratified by Panama |
| 2009 | Acuerdo sobre Medidas del Estado Rector del Puerto (PSMA) | International treaty | Fisheries and aquaculture | 1 | In force |
| 2008 | Reglamento UE sobre pesca ilegal (IUU) — certificación de capturasN.° 1005/2008 | International regulation | Fisheries and aquaculture | 1 | In force |
| 1982 | Ley de protección del patrimonio histórico de la naciónN.° 14 | Law | Heritage | 1 | In force |
| Ley de Contrataciones Públicas | Law | Finance and investment | 1 | In force | |
| 1973 | Ley del Régimen Municipal (Ley 106/1973)N.° 106 | Law | Territorial planning | 1 | In force with amendments |
| 2008 | Ley 72/2008 (contenido pendiente de verificación)N.° 72 | Law | General environment | 1 | Unknown |
| 2012 | Ley 68/2012 (derogada — contenido pendiente de verificación)N.° 68 | Law | General environment | 1 | Repealed |
| 2006 | Ley que autoriza la ampliación del Canal de PanamáN.° 28 | Law | Water | 1 | In force |
| 1995 | Ley de la Zona Marítimo-Terrestre (derogada por Ley 80/2009)N.° 58 | Law | Coasts and seas | 1 | Repealed |
| Reglamento Ambiental de la Autoridad del Canal de Panamá | Institutional regulation | Water | 1 | In force | |
| 2004 | Decreto Ley que crea la Agencia Panamá Pacífico (APA)N.° 6 | Decree law | Territorial planning | 1 | In force |
| 1965 | Convenio CIADI/ICSID sobre arreglo de diferencias relativas a inversiones | International treaty | Finance and investment | 1 | In force |
| 1948 | Ley de la Zona Libre de ColónN.° 18 | Law | Finance and investment | 1 | In force with amendments |
| 1988 | Ley de concesiones vialesN.° 5 | Law | Territorial planning | 1 | In force with amendments |
| 1996 | Ley 26/1996 de concesiones de electricidadN.° 26 | Law | Energy | 1 | In force with amendments |
| 1961 | Ley del Instituto de Recursos Hidráulicos y Electrificación (IRHE)N.° 37 | Law | Energy | 1 | Repealed |
| 1948 | Código de Recursos Minerales (Ley 9/1948 y reformas)N.° 9 | Code | Mining | 1 | Repealed |
| 2004 | Decreto Ejecutivo 275/2004 — Reglamento técnico de rellenos sanitariosN.° 275 | Executive decree | Waste and pollution | 1 | In force |
| Ley que crea el Parque Nacional Marino Isla Bastimentos | Law | Protected areas | 1 | In force | |
| 2006 | Ley 9/2006 — pendiente verificación (posible error de citación)N.° 9 | Law | Fisheries and aquaculture | 1 | Unknown |
| 1993 | Ley de ratificación del Convenio 169 OITN.° 234 | Law | Indigenous peoples and comarcas | — | In force |
85 of 85 instruments · source: LEX_AMBIENTAL_PAN/INVENTORY
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